Sizing electric storage system for atypical grid usage of industrial consumers

There are many applications for electric storage systems (ESS) in manufacturing systems. While applications for maintaining production in case of a blackout are already established and economical, applications for optimizing energy supply are becoming increasingly interesting for manufacturing companies. Atypical grid usage is one application for optimizing the energy supply which has the potential to reduce the grid fee of industrial consumers. The grid fee for industrial consumers depends on the characteristics of the energy consumption. The smoother the power is drawn from the grid, the less grid fee has to be paid. This goal can be achieved by integrating an electric storage system. Electric storage systems offer high power and capacity, making them the ideal solution for this application. The challenge is the sizing of the electric storage system and the resulting economic efficiency. In this article a sizing methodology for electric storage systems, aiming for atypical grid usage, is presented

Stability and instability of lattices in semisimple groups

Using cohomological methods, we show that lattices in semisimple groups are typically stable with respect to the Frobenius norm but not with respect to the operator norm.Comment: incorporated remarks and corrections of the reviewer

Color-coded summation images for the evaluation of blood flow in endovascular aortic dissection fenestration

BACKGROUND: To analyze the benefit of color-coded summation images in the assessment of target lumen perfusion in patients with aortic dissection and malperfusion syndrome before and after fluoroscopy-guided aortic fenestration. METHODS: Between December 2011 and April 2020 25 patients with Stanford type A (n = 13) or type B dissection (n = 12) and malperfusion syndromes were treated with fluoroscopy-guided fenestration of the dissection flap using a re-entry catheter. The procedure was technically successful in 100% of the cases and included additional iliofemoral stent implantation in four patients. Intraprocedural systolic blood pressure measurements for gradient evaluation were performed in 19 cases. Post-processed color-coded DSA images were obtained from all DSA series before and following fenestration. Differences in time to peak (dTTP) values in the compromised aortic lumen and transluminal systolic blood pressure gradients were analyzed retrospectively. Correlation analysis between dTTP and changes in blood pressure gradients was performed. RESULTS: Mean TTP prior to dissection flap fenestration was 6.85 ± 1.35 s. After fenestration, mean TTP decreased significantly to 4.96 ± 0.94 s (p < 0.001). Available systolic blood pressure gradients between the true and the false lumen were reduced by a median of 4.0 mmHg following fenestration (p = 0.031), with significant reductions in Stanford type B dissections (p = 0.013) and minor reductions in type A dissections (p = 0.530). A moderate correlation with no statistical significance was found between dTTP and the difference in systolic blood pressure (r = 0.226; p = 0.351). CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamic parameters obtained from color-coded DSA confirmed a significant reduction of TTP values in the aortic target lumen in terms of an improved perfusion in the compromised aortic region. Color-coded DSA might thus be a suitable complementary tool in the assessment of complex vascular patterns prevailing in aortic dissections, especially when blood pressure measurements are not conclusive or feasible

Ecological Evaluation Of H2 Energy Supply In Industry

Limiting climate change through global CO2 emissions is one of the central challenges of the 21st century. This requires a profound transformation of our energy systems and a far-reaching switch to innovative and emission-free technologies in all sectors, from power generation to the major energy consumption sectors of industry, transport and building heating. Hydrogen will play a significant role in a future energy and economic system. In this paper, H2 energy supply scenarios are developed, evaluated and compared as an alternative to a reference scenario that uses conventional technologies to meet electricity, heating and cooling needs. The H2 energy supply scenarios are simulated with both purchased and self-produced hydrogen. Both the different colours of the hydrogen and the CO2 intensity of the electricity mix are taken into account. To cover the electricity and heat demand, different H2 technologies are considered and combined with each other to different H2 energy supply scenarios. Subsequently, the scenarios are evaluated with regard to their ecology and compared with the reference scenario. From this, it can be deduced how hydrogen technologies can represent an ecologically sensible alternative to conventional technologies today and in the future

Iron-Mediated Peptide Formation in Water and Liquid Sulfur Dioxide under Prebiotically Plausible Conditions

Peptides have essential structural and catalytic functions in living organisms. The formation of peptides requires the overcoming of thermodynamic and kinetic barriers. In recent years, various formation scenarios that may have occurred during the origin of life have been investigated, including iron(III)-catalyzed condensations. However, iron(III)-catalysts require elevated temperatures and the catalytic activity in peptide bond forming reactions is often low. It is likely that in an anoxic environment such as that of the early Earth, reduced iron compounds were abundant, both on the Earth's surface itself and as a major component of iron meteorites. In this work, we show that reduced iron activated by acetic acid mediates efficiently peptide formation. We recently demonstrated that, compared to water, liquid sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a superior reaction medium for peptide formations. We thus investigated both and observed up to four amino acid/peptide coupling steps in each solvent. Reaction with diglycine (G(2)) formed 2.0 % triglycine (G(3)) and 7.6 % tetraglycine (G(4)) in 21 d. Addition of G(3) and dialanine (A(2)) yielded 8.7 % G(4). Therefore, this is an efficient and plausible route for the formation of the first peptides as simple catalysts for further transformations in such environments